AQA Sociology Crime and Deviance Practice Test

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• What did Lea and Young identify as a phenomenon that drives people towards crime?
• What trend does Triplett identify regarding perceptions of young offenders?
• What period does Young refer to as the 'Golden Age' of modern capitalist society?
• What can contribute to public misperceptions of crime rates?
• What is one of the primary roles of the police?
• According to Young (2011), what was a myth surrounding zero tolerance policing?
• What is the primary focus of labeling theory regarding crime?
• What does 'target hardening' emphasize in the context of tackling crime?
• What does Wilson and Herrnstein (1985) identify as a major determinant of crime in their biosocial theory?
• What is the definition of crime in a sociological context?
• What does the routine activity theory, proposed by Felson (2002), require for a crime to occur?
• Why might certain societies classify behaviors differently regarding deviance?
• Which of the following is true regarding the class bias in law enforcement described by Cicourel?
• According to Reiman and Leighton, how do perceptions of crime differ among social classes?
• What might be a social consequence of labeling someone as deviant?
• Who developed the concept of anomie?
• What is the concept of deviant amplification spiral?
• What does Alder’s liberation thesis claim about women's crime rates?
• What was the focus of the Davis 2006 study regarding gender roles?
• What does the statistical difference reveal about the criminal convictions of genders by age 40?
• What does Young (1999) attribute rising crime rates to?
• How does secondary deviance develop?
• What is one effect of disruptive family structures on youth?
• What does the concept of 'Safety Valve' refer to in functionalist perspectives on crime?
• Institutionalized offenses often involve which of the following?
• According to Carlen's findings, many women experienced what disadvantage in relation to family life?
• Which theory emphasizes the impact of public disorder on crime rates?
• What is Merton's Strain Theory primarily concerned with?
• What is the primary purpose of the criminal justice system?
• What did Braithwaite (1984) find about law-abiding companies in relation to profitability?
• Which of the following is a finding from self-report studies regarding male and female offending?
• According to official statistics, how do females fare in terms of receiving bail compared to males?
• What does Miller suggest about the lower class in relation to crime?
• What is one role of moral entrepreneurs?
• What term does Merton use to describe the working class's adaptation to denied legitimate opportunities?
• What is a major criticism of Left Realism regarding its focus on crime?
• What is one reason for the invisibility of corporate crime?
• How does re-integrative shaming differ from disintegrative shaming?
• What does Snider argue about the capitalist state in relation to business regulations?
• What major social issue does Left Realism focus on as a cause of crime?
• What is the primary focus of feminist theories of crime?
• What did the Islington Crime Survey reveal about women's behavior in public?
• What is the distinction between primary and secondary deviance?
• What aspect do biological theories of crime largely ignore?
• Which criticism suggests that Merton's theory overlooks certain types of crime?
• What might characterize offenses committed within a corporate setting?
• What role does the nuclear family play according to right realism in crime prevention?
• In what context does criminal subculture thrive?
• According to Cicourel, what can result from officers' typifications in policing?
• What perspective do Taylor et al. bring to the understanding of crime?
• What is a significant change observed in female criminal patterns according to Alder's thesis?
• Which concept refers to the lack of capable guardians leading to an increased likelihood of crime?
• In what way do 'subcultures' contribute to deviance?
• What does Carlen (1988) suggest is promised to women by patriarchal ideology?
• What aspect of deviance does Erikson argue is promoted within society?
• Which of the following best distinguishes crime from deviance?
• What is a common critical view of Heidensohn and Carlen's theories?
• What does the chivalry thesis fail to acknowledge regarding male crimes against women?
• Who proposed the differential association theory?
• According to Downes and Rock, what can we say about predicting deviance based on labels?
• What role does peer influence have in relation to deviance?
• What is primary deviance, according to Lemert?
• What impact did ASBOs in 1998 and IPNAs in 2015 have on the definition of crime?
• Which of the following is a criticism of functionalism regarding crime?
• According to Marxist perspectives, what role does capitalism play in crime?
• How does the Chivalry Thesis explain gender differences in crime statistics?
• What did the rise in female crime between 1950 and the 1990s reflect?
• What does Carlen indicate about the living conditions of many women leaving care?
• What is described by the routine activities theory?
• What does social learning theory suggest about criminal behavior?
• What does deviance avowal mean?
• What do statistics suggest about occupational diseases in the UK?
• According to Carrabine et al, who do we entrust with our personal information and finances?
• How does Cohen's Status Frustration theory explain delinquency among working-class boys?
• What is Emile Durkheim known for in sociology?
• According to Clinard and Yeager (1980), what trend is observed among large companies as their financial performance declines?
• What is necessary for the police to maintain law and order effectively?
• Which of the following is classified as a street crime?
• How does Left Realism propose to improve community safety?
• What is the main focus of victimology?
• What is the relationship between crime and advertising in a capitalist society as suggested by criminogenic capitalism?
• How can media representation affect views on crime?
• What do Piliavin and Briar suggest influences police arrest decisions?
• Which concept refers to the feeling of being deprived relative to others, according to Left Realists?
• What is the 'Class Deal' as described by Carlen?
• What is a key critique made by Kinsey, Lea, and Young about police effectiveness?
• How do police strategies improve community safety?
• Which of the following is a criticism of Marxism regarding crime?
• What does the study of 'gender and crime' examine?
• What trend is often observed regarding socioeconomic status and crime rates?
• What does the concept of 'Organized Crime' imply in Cloward and Ohlin's findings?
• What is a key goal of restorative justice practices?
• What is the main aim of 'restorative justice practices'?
• What is one of the criticisms of the Neo-Marxist view of crime?
• According to Chesney-Lind (1997), which demographic is more likely to commit crime?
• Which theory suggests that societal expectations can lead individuals to commit crimes?
• Why is the study of victims important in criminology?
• Cohen's theory posits that working-class boys create delinquent subcultures to:
• How is cybercrime defined?
• Who is credited with introducing the concept of broken windows theory?
• Heidensohn's argument about bias against women in the court system suggests what about female offenders?
• Which theoretical approach is NOT typically associated with Merton's explanation of crime?
• What do techniques of neutralization allow individuals to do, according to Sykes and Matza (1957)?
• Which theorists are associated with social disorganization theory?
• What does Pearce argue about laws that seem beneficial to the working class?
• Which outcome was noted among women in poverty according to Carlen's findings?
• What is an example of formal social control?
• What does conflict theory suggest about crime?
• How is 'youth crime' primarily characterized?
• According to Becker's theory, what defines a deviant?
• According to Messner and Rosenfield, which societal mentality contributes to crime?
• How is inequality connected to crime, according to sociological perspectives?
• What form of control at home did Dobash and Dobash 1979 find contributes to domestic violence?
• What type of crimes are typically included in the definition of street crimes?
• Which of the following is considered a corporate crime against the environment?
• Which of the following is a criticism of right realist explanations of crime?
• What are 'hate crimes' primarily motivated by?
• Which group is characterized by a lack of representation and clear goals, leading to criminal behaviors?
• What aspect does Carlen suggest influences the sentencing of women in the courts?
• What defines 'corporate crime'?
• Which aspect does conflict theory emphasize in relation to crime?
• What did Gordon argue about crime in relation to social classes?
• In the context of crime, how is 'punishment' defined?
• Which of the following is NOT a criticism of zero tolerance policing?
• What is meant by the 'social construction of deviance'?
• What evidence does the Chivalry Thesis provide from self-reported studies?
• What do biological theories of crime suggest?
• What trend regarding crime did the Crime Survey for England and Wales reveal in 2014?
• What characterizes white-collar crime?
• According to Nelken (2012), what advantage do corporations have that helps them avoid accountability for their crimes?
• What does the introduction of laws into a non-money economy illustrate about colonialism in Chambliss's view?
• What is one form of double standards in the legal treatment of genders according to Sharpe 2009?
• What do realist sociologists criticize about labeling theory?
• Define 'social control'.
• Which of the following best describes the focus of moral entrepreneurs?
• What is a common theme associated with ideologies in lawmaking according to critical perspectives?
• What does Sutherland define as white collar crime?
• What concept did Box (1983) introduce to explain how corporate crime can be normalized?
• Name one theory that explains the causes of crime.
• What is the function of law-making according to Marxist theory?
• What did Farrington and Morris's study in 1983 suggest regarding women and sentencing for theft?
• In Lemert's study of paranoia, what leads to secondary deviance?
• According to Heidensohn's theory, control over women can manifest in which domain?
• How can cultural acceptance play into what is deemed deviant?
• What does restorative justice focus on?
• What does 'criminal liability' refer to?
• Which of the following best summarizes the criticism of the liberation thesis?
• What does the term 'criminalization' refer to?
• What has increased the visibility of corporate crime since the financial crisis of 2008?
• What aspect do Taylor et al. emphasize in their fully social theory of deviance?
• Which aspect of crime is addressed by the ideological functions of law according to Marxists?
• What is the primary significance of crime statistics?
• What is disintegrative shaming according to Braithwaite?
• Which of the following describes a criminal subculture?
• Which theory elaborates on the concept of the American Dream exerting pressure on individuals towards crime?
• According to Tombs, what is a significant factor in defining an act as crime?
• Which theory suggests differences in socialization between boys and girls?
• Which method is an example of informal social control?
• What concept describes society's reaction to behaviors considered deviant?
• Which theory emphasizes that deviant behavior is learned through interactions?
• What do Cloward and Ohlin's three subcultures demonstrate?
• Which factor has contributed to perceptions of crime in modern society, according to Young?
• According to Chambliss, what are laws primarily designed to protect in a capitalist society?
• What does ‘crime prevention strategies’ refer to?
• How does culture impact perceptions of crime?
• According to Left Realists, what is a necessity for effective policing?
• What trend is highlighted by statistics regarding female offenders sentenced for shoplifting?
• What does the term 'moral panic' refer to?
• What is the ‘new criminology’ primarily concerned with?
• Which case exemplifies abuse of trust by a medical professional?
• Young argues that the increase in individualism has contributed to what social issue?
• Which aspect do left realists criticize Marxism for neglecting?
• What concept is explored in Cohen's study regarding mods and rockers?
• What is a particular criticism regarding the assumptions made by Carlen and Heidensohn?
• Subcultures, according to left realists, often emerge as a response to which phenomenon?
• What does ‘decriminalization’ entail?
• How does Bourdieu's concept of cultural capital relate to crime?
• In Cohen's view, why do lower class individuals commit more crimes?
• What age group typically shows the highest crime rates?
• What does the interactionist approach to suicide emphasize regarding official statistics?
• Which example illustrates a corporate crime against consumers?
• Which of the following is a positive function of crime, as suggested by functionalists?
• What does 'systemic crime' entail?
• What critique is made regarding the timing of the rise in female crime?
• Which of the following represents one consequence of crime rates declining with age?
• How do cultural differences influence the perception of deviance?
• What does the term 'socioeconomic factors' encompass in relation to crime?
• What trend contrasts with the rise of individualism in society, according to Young?
• According to criminogenic capitalism, what is a significant factor that leads to utilitarian crime?
• What is the role of the state in defining crime?
• Which of the following is a characteristic of white-collar crime?
• Which study found that males were observed shoplifting more than females?
• According to Murray (1990), which group is increasingly associated with rising crime rates?
• What does the evidence of a 1995 study by Graham and Bowling suggest about male and female offending rates?
• What is a societal outcome of higher cultural capital according to Bourdieu?
• How do subcultural theories explain crime among lower classes?
• How does alienation in a capitalist society contribute to crime, according to criminogenic capitalism?
• How does Denscombe (2001) contribute to discussions of female crime?
• According to Carlen, what aspect of life do most women feel they miss out on?
• What evidence suggests an increase in female offending rates during the 20th century?
• What were the consequences of the KPMG crime in the USA?
• Which of the following best describes a consequence of lower socioeconomic status on crime rates?
• How does poverty influence criminal behavior?
• What did Pearce (1976) argue about public perceptions of corporate crime?
• What is a common characteristic of corporate crime, according to academic observations?
• What social phenomenon can lead to increased levels of crime and deviance during times of instability?
• What was the main outcome of Rosenhan's pseudo-patient experiment?
• What does Box (1983) suggest about companies that cannot achieve their legitimate goals?
• What is a criticism of the functionalist sex role theory mentioned by Walklate 2003?
• What concept did Geis (1967) use to describe how individuals become involved in illegal practices within companies?
• What is a challenge associated with using quantitative data in crime studies, according to interactionists?
• According to Lea and Young, which of the following is a key factor in understanding crime?
• What does 'de-labeling' refer to in the context of corporate crime?
• What is a possible outcome of societal reactions according to Lemert?
• What does Pollak’s view suggest about the portrayal of women in crime statistics?
• According to functionalist theory, why is crime considered inevitable?
• What harm does Tombs associate with corporate crime?
• What is Pearce and Tombs' definition of corporate crime?
• How does Cloward and Ohlin categorize subcultures related to crime?
• What characterizes a 'disorganized neighborhood'?
• From a Marxist perspective, what is seen as a natural function of capitalism?
• What are potential consequences of having a criminal record?
• What does Left Realism suggest should be addressed to combat crime effectively?
• Which is a criticism of labeling theory according to sociologists?
• According to Atkinson's perspective, what do official statistics represent?
• What is a key aspect of the labeling theory's view on corporate crime as suggested by Cicourel (1968)?
• What action do right realists suggest could reduce crime rates?
• What did Laidler and Hunt (2001) find about female gang members in the USA?
• What is the labeling theory?
• What is deviance?
• Which of the following is a characteristic of retreatist subcultures according to Cloward and Ohlin?
• Which type of crime is committed by employees against their own organization?
• What defines an ‘institutionalized offense’?
• What role does education play in shaping crime rates?